Gray atlas of human anatomy pdf download free

As assessed by flow cytometry, metabolic dysfunction was associated with increases in AT T cell populations, but not macrophages, consistent with other models of WC 15. These mice display worsened glucose tolerance compared with obese mice, despite similar body weight, fat mass, and total time on the HFD. We generated a mouse model of WC using an alternating high fat diet (HFD) and low fat diet (LFD) feeding paradigm 14. Importantly, weight cycling (WC) вЂ“ the repeated process of gaining and losing weight вЂ“ further increases risk for developing diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases in humans 11, 12, 13. However, low success rates and failure to maintain lost weight are common, with recent studies reporting that most individuals (>60%) regain weight within a few years 7, 8, 9, 10. Weight loss (WL) is known to improve metabolic outcomes associated with obesity. These inflammatory changes contribute to metabolic dysfunction вЂ“ promoting lipolysis, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. In contrast, weight gain promotes the infiltration of circulating immune cells, and tissue resident cells polarize towards a type 1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. In lean adipose tissue (AT), regulatory type 2 immune cells contribute to tissue homeostasis 3, 4, 5, 6. Obesity affects more than 650 million adults worldwide and is associated with nearly every leading cause of death, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and several types of cancer 1, 2. For further discovery, we provide an open-access web portal of diet-induced AT immune cell imprinting. This work provides critical groundwork for understanding the immunological causes of weight cycling-accelerated metabolic disease. Obesity-induced imprinting of AT immune cells persisted through weight-loss and progressively worsened with weight regain, ultimately leading to impaired recovery of type 2 regulatory cells, activation of antigen presenting cells, T cell exhaustion, and enhanced lipid handling in macrophages in weight cycled mice. To interrogate the immunometabolic adaptations that occur in AT during murine weight loss and weight regain, we utilized cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITEseq) in male mice. Diet-induced weight loss improves glucose tolerance however, weight regain further exacerbates the impairment in glucose homeostasis observed with obesity. In obesity, immune cell derived inflammation contributes to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices вЂ“ as well as dissection videos and self-assessment questions and answers.Within adipose tissue (AT), immune cells and parenchymal cells closely interact creating a complex microenvironment. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase.Gain a more complete understanding of the inguinal region in women through a brand-new, large-format illustration, as well as new imaging figures that reflect anatomy as viewed in the modern clinical setting.Recognize anatomical structures as they present in practice through more than 270 clinical images вЂ“ including laparoscopic, radiologic, surgical, ophthalmoscopic, otoscopic, and other clinical views вЂ“ placed adjacent to anatomic artwork for side-by-side comparison.Visualize the clinical correlation between anatomical structures and surface landmarks with surface anatomy photographs overlaid with anatomical drawings.Identify the various anatomical structures of the body and better understand their relationships to each other with the visual guidance of nearly 1,000 exquisitely illustrated anatomical figures.Build on your existing anatomy knowledge with structures presented from a superficial to deep orientation, representing a logical progression through the body.

Stunning illustrations demonstrate the correlation of structures with clinical images and surface anatomy вЂ“ essential for proper identification in the dissection lab and successful preparation for course exams. Clinically focused, consistently and clearly illustrated, and logically organized, GrayвЂ™s Atlas of Anatomy, the companion resource to the popular GrayвЂ™s Anatomy for Students, presents a vivid, visual depiction of anatomical structures.

Gray atlas of human anatomy pdf download free